II.Read

Readthefollowingpassages.Underlinetheimportantviewpointswhilereading.

1.GiveStudentsMoreLeeway

Theyearsago,theShanghaiPublicSecurityBureauissuedfourpassportseachday.Nowthestaffmustworklonghourstoprocessmorethan1,000aday.

PeoplesDailyreportsthatmorethan70,000Chinesestudentsandscholarsarenowstudyingabroadwithstillmorereadytogo.

Whilemanypeopleareworriedaboutthebraindrainproblem,thearticlesaidthatwhateverthemotivesofstudentswholeave,thereisnodoubtthattheycherishadeepfeelingtowardsthemotherland.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatpeoplewhofailtoreturnontimeshouldbegrantedtemporaryleaveformtheirpoststoencouragethemtoreturnatanytime.

Amongthosewhojoinedtherecentrushabroad,morethanhalfwenttofurthertheirstudiesandkeepupthelatestacademicachievements.Accordingtoasurveyconductedamongsome7,000scientificresearchersinShanghai,82percentbelievedthattheirexperiencesabroadwerefruitful.Halfsaidtheyhadmadeheadwayintheirwork.

Meanwhile,theysaidtheycontinuedtofollowwithgreatconcernthedevelopmentoftheircountryseconomicreforms.AscholarwithadoctoratefroNewYorkUniversityhadwrittenover100,000wordsofsuggestionstotheChinesecentralgovernment,thearticlereported.

Lonelinesswasfoundtobetheworstenemyofthestudentslivingawayfromtheirfamiliesandhomeland.

Thebraindrainfromdevelopingtodevelopedcountriesisinternationalphenomenon.InChina,backwardmanagementandunreasonabledistributionsystems,togetherwithourlivingandworkingconditions,haveledtothedepartureofmanyintellectuals.

Aftermygraduationfromuniversity,Ihavespentfouryearsinmyofficereadinganewspaperwithacupofteaeveryday.Iwanttogoabroadtostartanewlife,anda25-year-oldtechnicalworkerwhowaswaitingfroavisafromtheJapaneseConsulate.

Somestudentsandscholarshadstayedinforeigncountriesbeyondtheirtimelimitforonereasonoranother.Forthistheyhadbeenlabeledunpatriotic.

ButpeoplesDailycalledformoretrustandunderstandingofthosestudents.

AscholarstudyingandworkingatanAmericanuniversitysaidhewouldreturntoChinaassoonashisdaughterfinishedsecondaryschoolintheUS.

AyoungscholarataShanghairesearchinstitutesaidhecouldnotmangetoconductresearchwithameagerStateallocationof2,000yuanayear.InAmerica,hecanget$24,000ayearforuseinresearch,sohedecidedtostayonaftergettinghisdegree.

Insuchcases,mostworkunitesbackinChinadismissthosewhofailtoreturnontime.Thishurtsthefeelingsofmanywhoarewillingtoreturnlater,thearticlesaid.

Atthesametime,thosewhodoreturnfaceajobproblem.

Chinasirrationalemploymentandpersonnelsystempreventssomefromfullyusingtheskillsandknowledgetheyhaveacquiredabroad.

AiXiaobai,withaPhDinPhysics,wroteto11institutionsofhigherlearninginChina.Twoofthemrefusedhimandtheothersdidnotevenanswerhim.JustbeforedecidingtogobacktoAmerica,hewashiredbyaChineseresearchinstitutewhichknewofhim.

2.PersonalProgressandJob-hopping

Inmanypartsoftheworld,personalinfluenceisalmostessentialingettingahead.Oneneedsagodfather,asponsor.Herethatisnottrue.Naturallyallpeopleuseinfluencesometimes,butonerarelyadvancesfaronthatbasisaloneintheUnitedStates.Heretraitswhichleadtosuccessaregenerallyconsideredtobethewillingnesstoworkhard(atanykindofjob),scholarshiporskill,initiative,anagreeableandoutgoingpersonality.Inotherwordsevenintherealmofpersonalprogress,thisisado-it-yourselfsociety.Byandlarge,successisneitherinheritednorbestowed.Thismeans,therefore,thatouremploymentpracticesaredifferentfromthoseinmanyothercountries.

Insomenationsitisconsidereddisloyaltoquitajob;deepreciprocalloyaltiesexistbetweenemployeeandemployer(recipientandpatroninmanycases);lifelongjobsecurityandfamilyhonorarefrequentlyinvolved.

ThisisnottrueintheUnitedStates.Job-hoppingispartofourconstantmobility.Weconsideritarighttobeabletobetterourselves,tomoveupward,tojumpfromcompanytocompanyifwecankeepqualifyingformoreresponsible(andthereforebetter)jobs.

Thisinterchangeabilityoppersonnelseemsunreasonabletosomemembersofforeignnations.Whereareoutroots?Howcanwebesocoldandinhuman?Weact,somesay,asifweweredealingwithmachines,nothumans.TheydonotunderstandthatagreatmanyAmericansliketomoveabout.Newjobspresentnewchallenges,newopportunities,newfriends,newexperiences-oftenanewpartofthecountry.

Theemployermaybequitecontenttoo.Perhapshehashadthebestofthatmansthinking;anewpersonmaybringinfreshideas,improvedskills,ornewabilities.Then,too,anewcomerwillprobablystartatalowersalaryforhewillhavenoseniority.Hoppingissoreadilyacceptedhere,infact,thatagoodmanmaybouncebackandforthamongtwoorthreecorporations,beingwelcomedbacktohisoriginalcompanymorethanoncethroughhiscareer,eachtimeaatadifferentlevel.

3.ResidentsGoOverseastoSeekTheirFortunes

ShanghaihasbecomeafavouriteinvestmentspotwithforeignerseagertogetafinancialfootholdinChina.

Andwiththedevelopmentofitsexport-orientedeconomy,thecitylookssettobecomeaninternationaltradeandfinancialcenteronthewestbankofthePacificOcean.

ButmanyShanghaipeoplearenotcontentsimplytositandwaitfortheforeignerstocometothem-theywanttogoabroadthemselvestotrytheirluck.

TheShanghainesehaveareputationforbeingabletofindworktheworldover.BeforethefoundingofNewChinain1949mhundredsofthousandsofthemweretradingthroughouttheworld.

Inthe1950sand1960swhenthecountrywaspursuingitscloseddoorpolicy,hundredsoffactories,researchinstitutesanduniversitiesinvolvingmorethanImillionpeople-weremovedfromShanghaiintotheinlandareastosupportthenationssocialistconstruction.Now,peoplewithShanghaiaccentscanbefoundalloverthecountry.

Thecurrentpolicyofdevelopingtheexport-orientedeconomyinthecoastalareashasstimulatedtheShanghaipeoplesdesiretoheadoffforforeignparts.

And,accordingtotheShanghai-basedJiefangDaily,thebestwayfrothemtodothisistoengageinbusinessorprovidelabourandtechnicalservicestoothercountries.

Shanghaihadtoomanypeoplechasingtoofewjibs,sothissurpluslabourforcecouldsolvethelabourshortageswhichexistinsomeotherpartsoftheworld.

Workersmonthlywagesabroadcanbe100timeswhattheyareinChina-althoughthecostoflivingislikelytobemuchhigherinsomecountries.

Furthermore,whileworkingoverseas,theChineseworkerswouldgetthechancetolearnadvancedtechnologyandtobecomeentrepreneursandspecialists,thuspromotingtradeandeconomicco-operationbetweenChinaandothercountries.

JiefangDailysuggestslocalauthoritiesshouldtakethefollowingmeasurestopromoteexportsoflabour:

Setuplabourservicegroupstoundertakecontractualprojectsabroad.Shanghaiworkershavetakenpartinmanyoverseasprojectsinthepast,suchasconstructionofrailways,factoriesandotherbuildings.Withtheirhighreputation,theywouldbeaforcetobereckonedwithontheworldlabourmarket.

Establishemployer-employeeintroductionoffices.Drivers,repairmen,nurses,housemaids,hairdressers,cooksandworkersinvolvedingardeningandconstructionareingreatdemandinmanycountriesandtheseofficescouldprovidetrainingandactasabridgebetweenemployersandemployees.

Encouragepeopletolookforjobsthemselves.AsmanyShanghairesidentshaverelativesoverseas,theycouldeasilygethelpinfindingworkabroad.

Promoteco-operationbetweentheStateandindividuals.Iflocalpeopleareencouragedtoworkabroad,workerswithspecialskillswouldflowoutofthecountry,thuscreatingabraindrain.Tosolveandprivateinterests.Whenworkersgoabroadattheirownexpense,theenterprisestheyworkforshouldgivethemfavourabletreatmentwhentheyreturn.Whileworkingoverseas,theworkersshouldhelptheirenterprisesopenuptotheworldmarket.

Shanghairesidentshavestrongaspirationstoexpandtheirlivingspaceandtheyaregoodattrading.Butfirstpriorityshouldbegiventoentrepreneurswhoarebraveenoughtojourneyoutintotheworldandbuildsuccess.

Beforethefoundingofnewchina.Anumberofworld-renownedfiguressuchasshippingmagnatePaoYueKangandthecomputerkingWangAnwereraisedinShanghai.ItisexpectedthatagroupofnewmagnateswillemergewhenShanghaientrepreneursentertheworldeconomy.

NowthatShanghaiiscapableofbuilding100,000-ton-classvesselsandmanufacturingsophisticatedprecisionbuildingmachines,powerfulgeneratorscolourtelevisionsandbicycles,thereisnoreasonwhythecitycouldnotcreateagroupofworld-classshippingkings,buildingmachinekingsandbicyclekings.

Withasolidindustrialfoundationandtechnicalforce,Shanghaicouldalsosetupfactoriesandshopsoverseastocompetewithforeigncounterparts.Shanghai-madebrands,verypopularathomenow,willsurelycaptureasliceoftheworldmarketifsalespromotionisemphasized.

Shanghaiproducesqualityclothshoesofgoodworkmanship.Butitsexportsare$1.1billionannually,onlyhalfofTaiwanstotal,duetotheneglectofsalespromotionoverseas.

Shanghaiboastsnumerousspecialistsinthefieldsofscience,technology,cultureandeducation.TheseexpertscouldearnagooddealofforeignexchangefortheStateiftechnicalserviceswereofferedtocountriesthatbadlyneedskilledworkersinhigh-techindustries.

Thecitycanalsodirectlyexporttechnologyandsoftwareandcontractscientificresearchprojectsabroad,asitpossessesadvantagesinthefieldsoflaser,opticalfibre,microelectronicsandbiologicalengineeringtechnology.

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