1997年1月托福阅读全真试题

Question 1-8 Both the number and the percentage of people in the

United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded

rapidly during the half century following the Civil War， with

some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains

of transportation， manufacturing， and trade and distribution.

The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during

the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant

improvements in the speed， volume， and regularity of shipments

and communications， making possible a fundamental

transformation in the production and distribution of goods. In agriculture， the transformation was marked by the

emergence of the grain elevators， the cotton presses， the

warehouses， and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so

many of the nations farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy

against them. In manufacturing， the transformation was

marked by the emergence of a new factory system in which

plants became larger， more complex， and more systematically

organized and managed. And in distribution， the transformation

was marked by the emergence of the jobber， the wholesaler，

and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered

the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and

1920. To be sure， there were still small workshops， where

skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from news-

papers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops

in city tenements， where groups of men and women in

household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piece-

work basis. And there were factories in occupations such as

metalwork where individual contractors presided over what

were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within

a single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in

manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920， the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned， as

did the size of the average plant.By

1920， at least in the northeastern United States where most of

the nations manufacturing wage earners were concentrated，

three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100

employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than

1，000 employees. 1. The word domains in line 3 is closest in meaning to fields

locations

organizations

occupations 2. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation. 3. The word fundamental in line 7 is closest in meaning to possible

basic

gradual

unique 4. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the new factory system? A change in the organization of factories.

A growth in the complexity of factories.

An increase in the size of factories.

An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products. 5. Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage? Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.

Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.

The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.

Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the nations economy. 6. The word skilled in line 16 is closest in meaning to hardworking

expert

well-paid

industrial 7. The word presided over in line 20 are closest in meaning to managed

led to

worked in

produced 8. The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 23-24 because it was a well-known metal-works

the first plant of its kind in Philadelphia

typical of the large factories that were becoming more common

typical of factories that consisted of a single building Question 9-19 Stars may be spheres， but not every celestial object is

spherical. Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes:

round planets ， tailed comets， wispy cosmic

gas and dust clouds， ringed nebulae， pinwheel-shaped spiral

galaxies， and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes

the largest single entities in the universe. These are the

double radio sources， galaxies with huge clouds of radio emission

that dwarf the visible galaxies， sometimes by a factor of a

hundred or more. Stretching over distances greater than a million

light-years， these radio-emitting regions resemble twin turbulent

gas clouds， typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with

the visible galaxyin the center. These double radio sources present astronomers with a

puzzle. Their radio emission arises from the synchrotron

process， in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed of light

move through magnetic fields. However， in view of the rate at

which the radio sources emit energy， they should disappear in

a few million years as their electrons slow down and cease

producing radiation. Somehow new electrons must be continually

accelerated to nearly the speed of light， otherwise， by now

almost none of the double radio sources would be observed. With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers

during the late 1970s， part of the answer became clear: the

electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite

directions from the center of galaxy. Remarkably narrow and

highly directional， the jets move outward at speeds close to the

speed of light. When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas

that permeates intergalactic space， the fast-moving electrons

lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of

radio-emitting gas. Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of

astronomical research in recent years as astronomers strive to

understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy eject

matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And

why are such jets not seen in the Milky Way? 9. The word celestial in line 1 could best be replaced by visible

astronomical

glowing

scientific 10. The word entities in line 4 is closest in meaning to factors

processes

objects

puzzles 11. In the first paragraph， the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their color

origin

location

shape 12. Which of the following is the best representation of the clouds of radio emission described in the first paragraph? （图）

（图）

（图）

（图） 13. According to the passage， scientists do not fully understand why double radio sources have not eventually disappeared

cannot be observed with a telescope

are beginning to slow down

are not as big as some planets and stars 14. The word their in line 22 refers to speeds

directions

electrons

clouds 15. According to the passage， what happens when electrons and gas collide in space? The gas becomes more condensed

The gas becomes less radiated

The electrons disperse

The electrons become negatively charged 16. The author suggests that astronomers consider the study of cosmic jets to be an obsolete scientific field

an unprofitable venture

an intriguing challenge

a subjective debate 17. In what lines does the passage compare the size of double radio sources with that of other galaxies? Lines 4-6

Lines 12-14

Lines 19-20

Lines 23-24 18. Where in the passage does the author mention a technology that aided in the understanding of double radio sources? Line 2

Line 7

Line 17

Line 21 19. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses specific double radio sources

an explanation of the synchrotron process

possible reasons for the presence of cosmic jets

the discovery of the first double radio sources. Questions 20-28 The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited

from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one， and

in fact， in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands

of artisans and craftspeople. Stone carvers engraved their motifs

of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death

into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial

grounds. Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved

wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations，

while others caved wooden shop signs and ships figureheads.

Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence

in their generally primitive style， they remained artisans

skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct

from what we normally think of as sculptors in todays

use of the word. On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was

desired， Americans turned to foreign sculptors， as in the1770s

when the cities of New York and Charleston， South Carolina，

commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble

statues of William Pitt. Wilton also made a lead equestrian

image of King George III that was created in New York in

1770 and torn down by zealous patriots six years later. A few

marble memorials with carved busts， urns， or other decorations

were produced in England and brought to the colonies to

be set in the walls of churches-as in Kings Chapel in

Boston. But sculpture as a high art， practiced by artists who

knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-

Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling，

casting， and carving rich three-dimensional forms， was

not known among Americans in 1776. Indeed， for many years

thereafter， the United States had two groups from which to

choose - either the local craftspeople or the imported talent of

European sculptors. The eighteenth century was not one in which powerful

sculptural conceptions were developed. Add to this the timidity

with which unschooled artisans - originally trained as stonemasons，

carpenters， or cabinetmakers - attacked the medium

from which they were to make their images， and one understands

more fully the development of sculpture made in the

United States in the late eighteenth century. 20. What is the main idea of the passage? There was great demand for the work of eighteenth-century artisans.

Skilled sculptors did not exist in the United States in the 1770s.

Many foreign sculptors worked in the United States after 1776.

American sculptors were hampered by a lack of tools and materials. 21. The word motifs in line 3 is closest in meaning to tools

prints

signatures

designs 22. The work of which of the following could be seen in burial grounds? European sculptors

Carpenters

Stone carves

Cabinetmakers 23. The word other in line 6 refers to craftspeople

decorations

ornamentations

shop signs 24. The word distinct in line 9 is closest in meaning to separate

assembled

notable

inferior 25. The word rare in line 11 is closest in meaning to festive

infrequent

delightful

unexpected 26. Why does the author mention Joseph Wilton in line 13? He was an English sculptor who did work in the United States.

He was well known for his wood carvings

He produced sculpture for churches.

He settled in the United States in 1776. 27. What can be inferred about the importation of marble memorials from England? Such sculpture was less expensive to produce locally than to import

Such sculpture was not available in the United States.

Such sculpture was as prestigious as those made locally.

The materials found abroad were superior. 28. How did the work of American carvers in 1776 differ from that of contemporary sculptors? It was less time-consuming

It was more dangerous.

It was more expensive.

It was less refined. Question 29-39 Large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number

of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.

One adaptation is to be light in color， and to reflect rather

than absorb the Suns rays. Desert mammals also depart from

the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body

temperature. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature

deep inside the body， which would involve the expenditure

of water and energy， desert mammals allow their temperatures

to rise to what would normally be fever height， and

temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured

in Grants gazelles. The overheated body then cools down

during the cold desert night， and indeed the temperature may

fall unusually low by dawn， as low as 34 degrees Celsius in the

camel. This is an advantage since the heat of the first few

hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body， and an

excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into

the day. Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the

loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted

animals. The camel can lose up to 30 percent of its body

weight as water without harm to itself， whereas human beings

die after losing only 12 to 13 percent of their body weight. An

equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this

water loss at one drink. Desert animals can drink prodigious

volumes in a short time， and camels have been known to imbibe

over 100 liters in a few minutes. A very dehydrated person，

on the other hand， cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at

one session， because the human stomach is not sufficiently big

and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death

from water intoxication. The tolerance of water loss is of

obvious advantage in the desert， as animals do not have to remain

near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and

far-flung pastures. Desert-adapted mammals have the further

ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated， it is a

common experience in people that appetite is lost even under

conditions of moderate thirst. 29. What is the main topic of the passage? Weather variations in the desert

Adaptations of desert animals

Diseased of desert animals

Human use of desert animals. 30. According to the passage， why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals? It helps them hide from predators.

It does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.

It helps them see their young at night

It keeps them cool at night. 31. The word maintaining in line 4 is closest in meaning to measuring

inheriting

preserving

delaying 32. The author uses of Grants gazelle as an example of an animal with a low average temperature

an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel

a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures

a desert animal with a constant body temperature 33. When is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal lower? Just before sunrise

In the middle of the day

Just after sunset

Just after drinking 34. The word tolerate in line 13 is closest in meaning to endure

replace

compensate

reduce 35. What causes water intoxication? Drinking too much water very quickly

Drinking polluted water

Bacteria in water

Lack of water. 36. What does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals? They do not need to eat much food.

They can eat large quantities quickly

They easily lose their appetites.

They can travel long distances looking for food. 37. Why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph? To show how they use camels.

To contrast them to desert mammals.

To give instructions about desert survival.

To show how they have adapted to desert life. 38. The word obtain in line 23 is closest in meaning to digest

carry

save

get 39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals? Variation in body temperatures

Eating while dehydrated

Drinking water quickly

Being active at night. Questions 40-50 Rent control is the system whereby the local government

tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants

in rent. In the United States， rent controls date back to at

least World War II. In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to

help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime.

The federal program ended after the war， but in some locations，

including New York City， controls continued. Under

New Yorks controls， a landlord generally cannot raise rents

on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their

leases. In places such as Santa Monica， California， rent controls

are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of

the 1970s， which， combined with Californias rapid population

growth， pushed housing prices， as well as rents， to record

levels. In 1979 Santa Monicas municipal government ordered

landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978.

Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any

increase in the overall price level. In any housing market， rental prices perform three functions:

promoting the efficient maintenance of existing

housing and stimulating the construction of new housing，

allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants，

andrationing use of existing housing by potential renters. One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction

of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed

the most important long-term determinant of profitability -

rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas，

Texas， with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent

control laws， 11，000 new housing units were built. In the same

year， in San Francisco， California， only 2，000 units were

built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6

percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York

City， except for government-subsidized construction， the only

rental units being built are luxury units， which are exempt

from controls. In Santa Monica， California， new apartments

are not being constructed. New office rental space and

commercial developments are， however. They are

exempt from rent controls. 40. What does the passage mainly discuss? The construction of apartments in the United States.

Causes and effects of rent control

The fluctuations of rental prices

The shortage of affordable housing in the United States. 41. The word They in line 9 refers to the tenants

their leases

places

rent controls. 42. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica， California? Rapid population growth

Inflation

Economic conditions during wartime

Record-high housing prices 43. The phrase roll back in lines 11-12 is closest in meaning to credit

measure

vary

reduce 44. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to experimenting with

identifying

estimating

encouraging 45. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to protect tenants

promote construction

increase vacancy rates

decrease sales of rental units 46. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to saddened

created

lowered

defeated 47. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements? San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.

Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units

Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control

There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing. 48. According to the passage， which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent

controls? Santa Monica

Dallas

San Francisco

New York City 49. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to straightforward

strict

expanded

efficient 50. According to the passage， which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control? Luxury apartments

Commercial development

Moderately priced apartments

Office space. 注：本套试题第12题由于原图片原因，图片无法扫描，望读者谅。

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