第一章　2009年命题预测及名师指导

2009年高考复习应试策略

北京市大兴一中特级教师　程中一

高考渐行渐近，我们该如何准备高考？笔者根据多年的辅导经验和成功考生切身体会，建议考生在考前冲刺阶段做有针对性的准备：

1.听力

在高考复习进入冲刺的阶段，每天抽出几分钟听听课文录音或做做听力练习题。听力测试涉及的内容有：获取对话具体信息；把握对话主旨；领会对话的观点、态度及意图；推测背景、地点及对话者关系等。

在做听力的过程中，考生要注意：保持良好的心理精神状态；快速浏览问题和选项；注重抓文章大意，不死抠个别词汇；边听边记；果断答题。

2.单项选择

单项选择试题具有以下特点：①内容覆盖面广，考查范围均为大纲中所列的所有语法项目包括动词非谓语形式、时态、被动语态、情态动词、冠词、形容词、副词、代词、连词、从句、倒装、习惯表达法等；②重点突出，强调动词的考查；③突出语境的作用，提供语境间接考查语言知识的运用。因此，考生必须对语法部分进行全面、细致的复习。

在单项选择题上，不易采用题海战术，但要把做过的一些题，特别是做错的题，反复地看一看，同时简单的题要总结规律，难题记死记牢即可。千万不要在难题上花费太多的时间和精力，要重视语境题、时态题、动词短语相关的单选题。在复习期间，可以采取相对集中的方式整理、复习，补补漏子，理理辫子，按照教学大纲的要求先上口，后归纳，抓核心，辨差异，找规律，编口诀，举一反三，巧滚雪球，使初、高中英语内容融会贯通。例如：

(1) 不定式作宾补何时不带to?

不定式作宾补何时不带to？下面口诀给帮助。

两听、五看、一感觉，　 使役动词有三个。

help, find之后可带可不带(to), 它们可以排在外。

两听，即hear, listen to；五看，即see, watch, notice, observe, look at；一感觉，即feel。

(2) 接动词不定式作宾语的动词有哪些？

我们可用这样一个虚构词merdowphla(磨豆腐喽)帮助归纳记忆。每一个字母代表一个英语单词。m－mean(打算)，manage(设法)；e－expect(期盼)；r－refuse(拒绝)；d－dare(敢)，desire(渴望), determine(决心)，decide(决定)，demand(要求)；o－offer(企图)；w－want(想要)，wish(希望); p－promise(答应)，pretend(假装), plan(计划)；h－hope; l－long(渴望)，learn(学习); a－ask(要求), arrange(安排)。

(3) 及物动词后宾语从句的谓语动词用should＋动词原形：

一坚持，二命令，四建议，五要求，

其宾语从句用should ＋ 动词原形，

should既可以省略，

should也可以保留。

一坚持，即insist；二命令，即order, command；四建议，即suggest, propose ，advise，recommend；五要求，即ask, demand, require, request, urge。

3. 完形填空

完形填空选材一般比较新颖，贴近生活，具有一定难度。在最后的日子里，一定要把近几年的高考完形填空，大声朗读，形成完形语感，并反复揣摩，它会给我们展示设计完形题的思路和角度，做到知己知彼。同时我们应重视文章的整体性和逻辑性。完形填空的过程就是由已知信息推出未知信息的过程。而整体是背景，逻辑是线索，是由已知推出未知的必然道路。如果时间允许，可以把往年各省市的高考完形，作为热身的练习。这就要求考生答题时必须从各方面认真考虑。j从上下文考虑；k从词汇意义及用法的角度考虑；l从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑；m从惯用法和搭配的角度考虑。做完形填空题应考虑这几个方面，但这并不意味着每个题目仅需要从一个方面进行分析。很多情况下，只有从词义、上下文、生活常识等多个角度考虑才能选出正确选项。因此，考生提笔做题以前一定要通读全文，认真考虑上下文的有关内容，让语法、搭配、时态、人称、行文逻辑诸方面服务于情景；反过来让文章意思制约语法等。

4. 阅读理解

阅读理解是高考的重头戏。在冲刺阶段，应有计划地安排考生多进行一些限时训练，通常每五篇阅读材料作为一组，在35到40分钟里完成。这样既可以保证考场上充沛的阅读精力和体力，又可以营造考试的氛围，还提高了阅读速度。不要忘了The examination is a race against time(考试就是和时间赛跑)。同时，为了适应高考阅读材料，不妨读一些难易程度适中、原汁原味的文章，有条件的同学可以读21th Century(成人版)，English Salon，也许会起到无心插柳柳成荫的效果。我们不仅要加强阅读训练，而且要注重以下几个方面：阅读要有广度；阅读要有深度；阅读要有速度，按考试说明中35分钟的建议答题时间计算，读速应达60WPM左右。

不但要快速阅读、整体理解，还要注意积累词语。听不懂，说不出，读不通，写不好，都是英语单词记得少。如果你的词汇量达到或超过大纲的要求，对付任何试题也就不成问题。做阅读题时，一遍浏览大意，二遍各个击破，三遍检查核对。阅读时眼中有字，心中揣意，把握命题原则大小猜判。(大 考查大意；小 细节辨别；猜 字词句义；判 推理判断。)判断文章的中心思想时，注意全文的中心不可太具体，但也不能与文章内容相差太远。猜测词义一定要看上下文，因为英语的特点是没有上下文就没有意思。在做阅读理解题时，要学会将文章、题干、选项统一起来，在理解文章的基础上，领会考查内容。阅读理解不是考查考生语法知识，因此在做答时不能忽略细节，要利用细节对文意进行推理和判断，看各选项在意思上有什么不同，切勿忽视做题的第一印象。

5. 单词拼写

近几年起高考试题中又出现了单词拼写题。在评卷中发现它的正确率最低。考生备考中应注意：音形结合记忆；分式记忆(不规则动词)(AAA式，如put put put。ABB式，如buy bought bought。ABA式，如come came come。ABC式，如do did done。)；分类记忆；对比记忆，如：come－go, right－left等；区别记忆，如同义词或近义词learn, study等，同音词、近音词write, right等，形似词quite, quilt, quick, quiz等；分解记忆，适用于复合词，如newspapernews＋paper等；联想记忆，如school联想到teacher, student, class, desk, classmate, headmaster, college, university等；前后缀记忆，如：care－careful－careless－carefully－carelessly等；不等式找感觉记忆，对表示频率及时光、岁月的词用不等式找感觉记忆，如：

always＞often＞usually＞sometimes＞once in a while＞never; year＞season＞month＞week＞day＞hour＞minute＞second等；连词成句成文记忆。

单词拼写考查的重点单词为以下三种情形：有的单词较长，难记住，有的属于仅靠发音也分不清字母的，还有的属于通过汉语意思较能猜测单词的。考生在答题过程中还要特别注意词尾的变化名词的单复数，动词的时态、语态和人称，形容词和副词以及它们的比较等级。

6. 短文改错

短文改错的实质就是同学们自己考自己。在临战阶段同学之间可互相批改自己的习作，互相发现错误，这样既提高了写作水平又练习了改错。

7. 写作

也是同学们容易丢分的部分，越是到最后越要重视写作，要多看一些范文，多背一些好句，不要忘了：熟读唐诗三百首，不会写来也会吟。另外还要用一些常用动词和句式，做一些汉译英的练习。临阵磨枪，不快也光。考生答题过程中要注意：

(1)注意审题，确定要点。

(2)仔细阅读写作要求及注意事项，确定要点、确定格式、题材及基本要点。

(3)扩展要点。先给要点加上主语和修饰语，然后丰富要点， 把要点扩展成句子，将句子补充完整，向高级升华。

(4)连句成篇。连句成篇时，要注意正确使用连接词。

(5)全面检查，书法规范。注意检查拼写、标点符号错误；人称、时态、语态错误；句子结构和逻辑错误；考虑语篇结构；考虑句式的变化和词汇的丰富。书法规范就是英语单的书写要规范，做到横三齐，竖平行。

在高考的复习冲刺阶段，考生要在巩固已有知识的基础上，尽量在语境中掌握这些知识的用法，理解其含义，重视对活跃动词的复习，继续加大阅读，提高语感，为阅读和完形填空做好准备。同时注意文章的时效性，题材的多样化。特别关注人与人、人与自然的和谐，健康与饮食，环保与节能内容的文章，突出加强写作能力的培养和单词记忆。

综上所述，只要我们吃透高考大纲，把握其特点和对考生的要求，具有扎实的基本功，加上良好的应试策略，师生共同努力，就能在2009年的高考中立于不败之地。

第二章　英语科考试大纲导读

2009年的《考试大纲》，比往年来得更早一些。

《考试大纲》的提前颁布向广大师生透露出一个重要信号：高考不再是神秘的殿堂。高考改革始终坚持在稳定中求发展的命题指导思想，命题的基本原则依然是突出语篇，注重交际，讲究灵活，强调应用，不会出现明显的变化，不会折腾莘莘学子。

与2008年相比，2009年的《考试大纲》基本上没有任何变化，只是在高考语法项目表中增加了词类项目，这样更加明确了考试内容，助于考生把握词类，对词类有个概括的了解。

考生在备考过程中应仔细研读《考试大纲》中的内容，融会贯通，做到胸有成竹。一定要重视基础，例如：考纲词汇能否拼写正确？基本词汇和短语能否灵活运用？基本语法能否理解？基本句型能否掌握？各个题型的基本解题技巧是否熟练？书写是否规范？等等。

最后，预祝考生们圆梦高考，再创佳绩。

Ⅰ.考试性质

普通高等学校招生全国统一考试是由合格的高中毕业生和具有同等学力的考生参加的选拔性考试。高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，高考应有较高的信度、效度、适当的难度和必要的区分度。

英语科考试是按照标准化测试要求设计的。

【导读】《考试大纲》是根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，参照《中学教学大纲》并根据中学教学实际而制定的。它明确了考试的指导思想。

Ⅱ.考试内容和要求

根据普通高等学校对新生文化素质的要求，参照教育部2000年颁布的《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)》，并考虑中学教学实际，制订本学科考试内容。

一、语言知识

要求考生能够适当运用基本的语法知识(见附录)，掌握2 000左右的词汇及相关词组(见《全日制高级中学英语教学大纲(试验修订版)》)。

【导读】语言知识题包括语法、词汇类单项填空题和完形填空题。语言知识主要考查：①语法和词汇知识在实际的、不同的情景中的运用；②语言必须适合具体的交际行为；③语言考核的焦点为达到交际的目的，交际行为除了需要语言能力外，还需要把握情况的能力等。

二、语言运用

1.听力

要求考生听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生应能：

(1)理解主旨和要义；

【导读】主旨要义一般比较明确，但有时会贯穿整个对话或独白，需要考生自己去归纳、概括。

(2)获取事实性的具体信息；

【导读】为说明和支持主旨，对话或独白总会出现一些具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话或独白主旨不可少的要素，也常常是听力部分的重点考查项目。

(3)对所听内容作出简单推断；

【导读】推断能力在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而也是听力测试考查的重点项目之一。

(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。

【导读】一般来讲，说话者总会表明说话的意图，或是提出或回答问题，或是阐明自己的想法，或是表明自己的态度或意见，对此的理解或推断在一般交往中非常重要。

【试题举例】

M：Ladies and Gentlemen, lets welcome Jane Carter. Jane, you are so young.How can you sing so well?

W：Well, Mr. Green. I like singing very much. And Ive been doing this for a while. Above all I have Mr. James as my teacher.

M：No wonder. I believe youll do a wonderful job tonight. Now ladies and gentlemen, Jane Carter!

1.What is the man doing?

A. Giving a speech. 　B. Chairing a meeting. 　 C. Introducing a person.

2.Why does the woman sing so well?

A.She has a great teacher. 　B.She teaches singing. 　 C.She is young.

1.【答案】C

【解析】根据男声lets welcome Jane Carter可知他是在向别人介绍一个名叫Jane Carter的歌手。

2.【答案】A

【解析】根据女声And Ive been doing this for a while. Above all I have Mr. James as my teacher.可知她歌唱得很好不仅是因为练了很长时间，主要还是有位好老师教她。

2.阅读

要求考生读懂公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：

(1)理解主旨和要义；

【导读】文章的主旨大意一般出现在开头、结尾和过渡段。不过有时贯穿整篇文章。考生要培养快速浏览全文，提取主旨要义的能力。

(2)理解文中具体信息；

(3)根据上下文推断生词的词义；

【导读】正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义，是理解文章的第一步，也是基础。英语单词的含义随语境的不同会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。此外，不使用词典而通过阅读上下文推断生词的含义，是一个合格的读者所必须具备的能力，也是阅读测试中经常检测的一种能力。

(4)作出简单判断和推理；

(5)理解文章的基本结构；

【导读】把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查，一般反映在理解文中某一段落的作用或某些词语的指代关系的题目中。

(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

【试题举例】(2008年全国卷Ⅰ)

Last week my youngest son and I visited my father at his new home in Tucson，Arizona.He moved there a few years ago，and I was eager to see his new place and meet his friends.

My earliest memories of my father are of a tall，handsome，successful man devoted to his work and family，but uncomfortable with his children.As a child I loved him；as a school girl and young adult(成年人)I feared him and felt bitter about him.He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight As and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as successful as he was.Whenever I went out with him on weekends，I used to struggle to think up things to say，feeling on guard.

On the first day of my visit，we went out with one of my fathers friends for lunch at an outdoor cafe.We walked along that afternoon，did some shopping，ate on the street table，and laughed over my sons funny facial expressions.Gone was my fathers critical(挑剔的)air and strict rules.Who was this person I knew as my father，who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around？What had held him back before?

The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood.Although our times together became easier over the years，I never felt closer to him at that moment.After so many years，Im at last seeing another side of my father.And in so doing，Im delighted with my_new_friend.My dad，in his new home in Arizona，is back to me from where he was.

56.Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult?

A.He was silent most of the time.

B.He was too proud of himself.

C.He did not love his children.

D.He expected too much of her

57.When the author went out with her father on weekends，she would feel________.

A.nervous B.sorry

C.tired D.safe

58.What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson?

A.More critical. B.More talkative.

C.Gentle and friendly. D.Strict and hardworking.

59.The underlined words my new friend in the last paragraph refer to________.

A.the authors son

B.the authors father

C.the friend of the authors father

D.the cafe owner

【文章大意】本文是记叙文，主要讲述我和自己的小儿子去我父亲家看他的新房子的事情。我感受到了父亲的巨大变化：他以前那种严厉冷酷的架势不见了，多了一份亲切、关怀。

56.【答案】D

【解析】考查细节理解。答案信息在第二段...felt bitter about him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight As...。

57.【答案】A

【解析】细节判断题。信息提示在第二段最后一句话：Whenever I went out with him on weekends, I used to struggle to think up things to say, feeling on guard.

58.【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。从第三段与第四段可找到答案。

59.【答案】B

【解析】考查指代问题。根据全文可知，父亲以前很苛刻，我和他关系很疏远，如今他变了，容易让人亲近了，此时把父亲称作自己的新朋友，后文信息提示my new friend. My dad, in his new home in Arizona, is back to me from where he was.

(2008年北京卷)

Domestic(驯养的)horses now pull ploughs，race in the Kentucky Derby，and carry police.But early horses werent tame(驯服的)enough to perform these kinds of tasks.Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today.

Thousands of years ago，people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food.Over time，people began to catch the animals and raise them.This was the first step in domestication.

As people began to tame and ride horses，they chose to keep those animals that had more desirable characteristics.For example，people may have chosen to keep horses that had a gentle personality so they could be ridden more easily.People who used horses to pull heavy loads would have chosen to keep stronger animals.Characteristics like strength are partly controlled by the animalsgenes.So as the domesticated horses reproduced，they passed the characteristics on to their young.Each new generation of horses would show more of these chosen characteristics.

Modernday horse breeds come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication.The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds－typically reaching only one meter tall.With short，strong legs，the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts(矿井)with low ceilings.Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700.People bred these heavy，tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.

The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies.For example，horses were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture.Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently.Before they were able to ride horses，humans had to cross land on foot.Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distances in much less time.That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another.The new form of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.

59.Before domestication horses were.

A.caught for sports B.hunted for food

C.made to pull ploughs D.used to carry people

60.The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show.

A.it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse

B.horses used to have gentle personalities

C.some horses have better shapes than others

D.horses were of less variety before domestication

61.Horses contributed to the spread of culture by.

A.carrying heavy loads

B.changing farming methods

C.serving as a means of transport

D.advancing agriculture in different areas

62.The passage is mainly about.

A.why humans domesticated horses

B.how humans and horses needed each other

C.why horses came in different shapes and sizes

D.how human societies and horses influenced each other

【文章大意】文章从现代马的功用与过去的功用的不同入手，讲述了人类如何对马进行选择驯化，造成了马的种群的多样性；同时也介绍了马的驯化对人类社会的影响。

59.【答案】B

【解析】细节判断题。由第一、二段可判断，人类先是猎马为食，然后喂养，最后才是根据人类需要进行驯化。

60.【答案】D

【解析】细节推断题。由第四段第二句This variety didnt exist in the horse population before domestication可推断出马被驯化前没有如此多的种群，再由作者所举的例子the shetland horse可看出马是根据人的需要从单一种群被驯化为多种种群的。

61.【答案】C

【解析】细节判断题。从最后一段Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distances in much less time .和The new form of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.可判断马在文化传播中所扮演的角色为交通工具。

62.【答案】D

【解析】主旨大意题。文章前两段引入马的驯化这一话题。第三、四段讲述人类根据自身需要把马驯化为多个种群。第五段讲述了马对人类社会发展的影响。只有D项涵盖了文章的内容。

3.写作

要求考生根据题示进行书面表达。考试应能：

(1)准确使用语法和词汇；

(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。

【导读】写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分，要求考生在给出的特定情境下按特定要求进行书面表达。近几年写作主题的选择有结合社会热点的趋势。所以考生备考时可阅读一些英语时文，背诵其中的优美句子等。

【试题举例】(2008年四川卷)

你校学生会准备办一期英语墙报，主题为：保护环境从我做起。请你根据下图所示写一篇英语短文。

注意：

1.词数100左右，开头语已为你写好；

2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

What Can I Do for Our Environment?

Everyone_can_do_something_for_our_environment.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One Possible Version

What Can I Do for Our Environment?

Everyone_can_do_something_for_our_environment.For me，I should try to save electricity in my daily life.For example，if I am the last person to leave the classroom in the evening，I will always remember to turn off the lights. In order to protect our forests，I will use paper wisely.I should try to use both sides of paper whenever it is possible. I will not use things like paper cups and disposable chopsticks because they are made of wood.I believe that doing all these small things will improve our environment and help make our world a better place to live in.

【写作指导】本文主题是环保，要求考生介绍如何从自身做起保护环境，时态以将来时为主。显然图画中已给出了一些参考：节约用电，随手关灯；保护森林；双面用纸；拒绝一次性纸杯、筷子等。文章要点包括：如何从自身做起，自己的决心及希望等。

Ⅲ.考试形式与试卷结构

1.答卷方式：闭卷、笔试。

2.考试时间：120分钟。试卷满分为150分。

3.题型：试卷一般可包括多项选择题、完形填空题、听力填空题、短文改错、书面表达等题型。

4.试题难易比例：试卷包括容易题、中等题和难题，以中等题为主。

Ⅳ.题型示例

一、多项选择题

(一)考查听力

M：Well, I wonder why the office is still not open.

W：But its not yet eight. In fact, its only a quarter to eight.

1.At what time does the office open?

A.7：45.B.8：15.C.8：00.

M：Its Alices birthday tomorrow.

W：Are you sure? I think it should be the day after tomorrow.

M：Well, let me see. Oh, Im sorry. Youre right. It is the day after tomorrow. Shall we buy her a present?

W：Yes, of course. Shall we give her some flowers?

M：Flowers are lovely. But I think its better to buy her a nice box of chocolates.

W.Alice doesnt like sweet things. Didnt you know that?

M：Youre right. Er...I know. We can give her a record. She loves music.

W：Thats a good idea. Lets go to the music shop and choose one for her.

2.When is Alices birthday?

A.The next day. B.The day after next. C.The day they had the talk.

3.What will the man and the woman buy for Alice?

A.A record. B.Some flowers. C.A box of chocolates.

【试题举例】

Good afternoon, everybody and welcome to this class on English words. I hope that all of you can hear me. If not, please let me know. I am Professor John Morris. Ill be your teacher for the next 13 weeks. As you can probably tell this is one of the most popular and crowded classes. Indeed, every time these courses are offered, this room is very full. Why is that? Well, in order to use the English language, its very important to have at least a basic understanding of how words are formed. Just to mention one figure, and there are many. There are about one million words in English. If you are an English learner, you might wonder how you can possibly remember all of these words. Well, for one thing you dont have to. No native speaker exists who knows all of the words in the English language. Besides there are shortcuts. Shortcuts? Yes, for example, if you know how words are formed by using parts of words from other languages, such as Greek and French, youll understand a good number of English words when you first come across them. Let me put it this way, knowing the rules will help you master a large number of words. This is probably the No. 1 reason why this class is so popular.

17.Where can you most probably hear this talk?

A. In a class of the English language.

B. In a class of the Greek language.

C. In a class of the French language.

18.How long does the class last?

A. 11 weeks. B. 13 weeks. C. 15 weeks.

19.What is the shortcut to learning words according to the speaker?

A. Taking more courses.

B. Reading basic words aloud.

C. Learning how words are formed.

20.Why is the class popular?

A. It is not offered each term.

B. Its taught by Professor Morris.

C. It helps to master some useful rules.

17. A　18. B　19. C　20. C

(二)考查语法和词汇知识

1.Paul doesnt have to be made ________. He always works hard.

A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying

2.I first met Lisa three years ago when we ________at a radio station together.

A. have worked B. had been working

C. were working D. had worked

3.She thought I was talking about her daughter, ________， in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

A. whom B. where C. which D. while

4.When shall we meet again?

Make it ________day you like; its all the same to me.

A. one B. any C. another D. some

【试题举例】

(1)时态、语态

1.(2008年全国卷Ⅰ)Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?

Yes，since she________the Chinese Society.

A.has joined B.joins

C.had joined D.joined

【答案】D

【解析】考查连词since从句的时态。若该主句为现在完成时，其since从句为一般过去时。解答此题关键是补出答语中的主句(I have known she)省略了。

2.(2008年北京卷)No decisionabout any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.

A.will be made B.is made

C.is being made D.has been made

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词的时态语态。A项为将来时的被动形式。B项为现在时的被动结构；C项为现在进行时的被动结构；D项为现在完成时的被动结构。本题的关键是句子的后半句...until all the...，直到所有的候选者都面试完，可知 decision 将要被作出。

(2)情态动词

1.(2008年重庆卷)I cant find my purse anywhere.

You________have lost it while shopping.

A.may B.can C.should D.would

【答案】A

【解析】考查情态动词表推测的用法。may have done和can have done都可以用来对过去事实进行推测，表示可能已经，只不过表示此意义时，can have done只能用于疑问句中。而C项should have done表示本应该做而没有做；D项would have done 表示想做却没有做。

2.She looks very happy. She________have passed the exam.

I guess so. Its not difficult after all.

A. should B. could C. must D. might

【答案】C

【解析】根据上文She looks very happy.可知她肯定是考试通过了才会这样高兴。must have done sth. 表示对过去肯定的推测，有一定的含义。

(3)非谓语动词

1.(2008年四川卷)We had an anxious couple of weeks________for the results of the experiment.

A.wait B.to be waiting

C.waited D.waiting

【答案】D

【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。句意为：我们焦虑地度过了几周，等待着实验的结果。wait与主语是主动关系，故用waiting 表伴随。

2.________that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.

A. To have said B. Having said

C. To say D. Saying

【答案】B

【解析】根据句子结构，前半部分是状语，意思是我虽然说过她没干好工作，但我并不认为自己比她能干。说她工作没干好的动作发生在认为之前，因此使用现在分词的完成时。

(4)定语从句

1.By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself，________can be very eyeopening and rewarding.

A. who B. which

C. what D. that

【答案】B

【解析】根据句型结构此处应为一个非限制性定语从句，且因引导词在定语从句中作主语并表示物，所以应该使用关系代词which。

2.After graduation she reached a point in her career________she needed to decide what to do.

A. that B. what

C. which D. where

【答案】D

【解析】根据句型结构这句是一个限制性定语从句，修饰point，引导词在这里表示处所或位置，在从句中作地点状语，因此应该使用关系副词where，意即在这一点上她意识到她该决定做什么了。

(5)状语从句

(2008年湖南卷)________the Internet is of great help，I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it.

A.If B.While C.Because D.As

【答案】B

【解析】考查连词。此处意思是尽管网络很有帮助，，选项中能表示让步的只有while，相当于although。其他选项都不能表示让步的意思。

(6)名词性从句

________parents say and do has a lifelong effect on their children.

A. That B. Which C. What D. As

【答案】C

【解析】根据句型结构可知本句是一个带主语从句的复合句，what在这里相当于the things that，其他选项都不够完整或不合适。

(7)特殊句式

1.(2008年重庆卷)Only when I left my parents for Italy________how much I loved them.

A.I realized B.I had realized 　C.had I realized D.did I realize

【答案】D

【解析】既考查倒装句又涉及动词时态的判断。若only置于句首后面紧跟状语，则主句应该用部分倒装，即一般疑问句语序，由此判断A、B项错误。C项动词使用过去完成时态，表示realize意识到这个动作先于left离开发生，不合题意，所以不正确。

2.You should apologize to her, Barry.

________， but its not going to be easy.

A. I suppose so B. I feel so

C. I prefer to D. I like to

【答案】A

【解析】考查省略现象。根据上下文可知回答者是同意向她道歉，但又认为这不容易。应使用I suppose so表示认可，使用so是一种省略，代替了一个句子。

3.It ________we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ________I found we had a lot in common.

A. was until; when

B. was until; that

C. wasnt until; when

D. wasnt until; that

【答案】D

【解析】考查强调句型。这句意思是直到相处了几个星期后我们才知道我们有很多相似之处，这句是not until的强调句型，结构为：It is/ was not until...that。

(8)情景交际

1.Have you been wasting time on computer games again?

________. Ive been studying a lot and I need a break.

A.No way B.Not really

C.I dont agree D.I couldnt agree more

【答案】B

【解析】根据后面的回答Ive been studying a lot and I need a break.说明后者不同意前者的问话，意思是他并没有真正浪费很多时间打电脑游戏而是学习很用功，故选择Not really。No way没门是断然拒绝对方的提议，I dont agree是反对对方的观点，I couldnt agree more是完全赞同对方的观点。

2.(2008年江西卷)I think youd better type this letter again before Mr.Smith sees it.

Oh，dear!

A.Who cares? B.No problem.

C.I dont mind at all. D.Is it as bad as that?

【答案】D

【解析】考查交际用语。前者说：我想你最好在Mr. Smith看见这封信之前把它重新打一遍。后者的答语前半段说： Oh, dear！(天哪！)，根据当时的情景，后面应该是说：Is it as bad as that? (有那么糟糕吗？)A.Who cares？谁在乎呢？B. No problem没问题； C. I dont mind at all我根本不在意。均不符合当时的语境。

(三)考查阅读理解

We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didnt even lift her eyes from the book.Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down.While I watched，mouth open in surprise，Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold.She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop(拖把).She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up，Mum nodded and said，Very dirty floors.

Yes，Im glad theyve finally decided to clean them，the nurse answered.She looked at Mum strangely and said，But arent you working late？

Mum just pushed harder，each swipe(拖)of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall.I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book.

After a long time Mum came back.Her eyes were shining.She quickly put the mop back and took my hand.As we turned to go out of the door，Mum nodded politely to the nurse and said，Thank you.

Outside，Mum told me，Dagmar is fine.No fever.

You saw her，Mum？

Of course. I told her about the hospital rules，and she will not expect us until tomorrow.Dad will stop worrying as well.Its a fine hospital.But such floors！A mop is no good.You need a brush.

1.When she took a mop from the small room，what Mum really wanted to do was__________.

A.to clean the floor B.to please the nurse

C.to see a patient D.to surprise the storyteller

2.When the nurse talked to Mum she thought Mum was a __________.

A.nurse B.visitor

C.patient D.cleaner

3.After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?

A.It is a childrens hospital.

B.It has strict rules about visiting hours.

C.The nurses and doctors there dont work hard.

D.A lot of patients come to this hospital every day.

4.Why did Mum go to see Dagmar in the hospital?

A.To give her some message about Dad.

B.To make sure her room was clean.

C.To check that she was still there.

D.To find out how she was.

5.Which of the following words best describes Mum?

A.polite B.patient

C.changeable D.clever

【试题举例】(2008年陕西卷)

This was no ordinary class. The students who came together were all science or engineering professors at Cornell University. They had interrupted their research to accept an invitation to take part in an unusual experiment: an interesting week of poetry. This class was part of a study to answer the questions: Why is science difficult for many nonscience students? What can teachers learn about teaching if they take a class that is not in their field?

The students in the poetry class listened to lectures and took notes. They had reading tasks and had to write three short papers. All students noticed one thing－the importance of spoken words. In science and engineering classes, the instructors put tables and drawings on the blackboard. But in this poetry class, the instructors just talked. They didnt write anything on the board.

The scientists and engineers noticed one similarity between science and poetry. In both subjects, students need to find layers (层次)of meaning . Some layers are simple, clear, and on the surface; other layers are deeper and more difficult. This search for different levels of meaning doesnt happen much in undergraduate(本科)science classes, but it is important later, in graduate school. And it is always important in humanities(人文学科).

Both the poetry instructors and their students learned something about teaching from this experience. One poetry instructor, for example, now sees the importance of using careful, clear definitions(定义) when he explains a poem.He also plans to be more informative as he teaches. Most of the scientists agreed on several points. First, humanities classes might help science students to see patterns and decide which information is important. Second, the poetry class was fun. One engineer decided, We need to change the way we teach engineering to make it an enjoyable experience for students.

But perhaps the most important result of the experience was this: All of the professors began to think about how they teach and how they can teach better.

49.What do we know about this unusual class?

A. The teachers did lots of writing on the board.

B. The teachers were invited to attend several lectures.

C. The students were professors from a university.

D. The students were studying science and humanities.

50. The experiment was designed to find out________.

A. how to teach the students in the science class

B. whether poetry is difficult for science students

C. what to be taught in the humanities class

D. why many humanities students find science hard

51. Finding levels of meaning is________.

A. important for graduate students in humanities

B. difficult for graduate students in humanities

C.common for undergraduate students in science

D. easy for undergraduate students in science

52. What did the science professors learn after the experiment?

A. They should change the way they teach.

B. A poem could be explained in clear definitions.

C.A poetry class could be more informative.

D. Their teaching was an enjoyable experience.

【文章大意】本文介绍了一堂不同寻常的课。

49. 【答案】C

【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第一句可知本题选C。

50. 【答案】D

【解析】推理判断题。由第一自然段的后两句可知本题选D。

51. 【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。由第三自然段的后两句可知本题选A。

52.【答案】A

【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一自然段可知本题选A。

二、完形填空题

Washoe is a young chimpanzee(黑猩猩). She is no __1__chimpanzee, though. Scientists are doing a research __2__ her. They want to see how civilized(驯化)she can __3__. Already she does many things a human being can do.

For example, she has been learning how to exchange __4__ with people. The scientists are teaching her __5__ language.

When she wants to be picked __6__， Washoe points up with one finger.

She rubs her teeth with her finger __7__ she wants to brush her teeth. This is done after every meal.

Washoe has also been __8__ to think out and find answers to problems. Once she was put in a __9__ with food hanging from the ceiling. It was too high to __10__.

After she considered the __11__，she got a tall box to__12__.

The food was still too high to be reached. Washoe found a __13__ pole.

Then she climbed onto the __14__， grasped(抓取)the pole, and __15__ down the food with the pole. Washoe __16__ like a human, too. The scientists keep her in fully furnished house. After a hard __17__in the laboratory, she goes home. __18__she plays with her toys.

She__19__enjoys watching television before going to bed.

Scientists hope to__20__more about people by studying our closest relative chimpanzee.

1.A.foolish B.simple C. special D.ordinary

2.A.for B.on C.to D.by

3.A.experience B.change C.develop D.become

4.A.actions B.views C.messages D.feelings

5.A.human B.sign C.spoken D.foreign

6.A.out B.at C.on D.up

7.A.when B.until C.since D.while

8.A.trained B.raised C.ordered D.led

9.A.hole B.zoo C.room D.museum

10.A.pull B.see C.eat D.reach

11.A.problem B.position C.food D.ceiling

12.A.stand by B.stand on C.stand up D.stand with

13.A.straight B.strong C.long D.heavy

14.A.wall B.box C.ceiling D.pole

15.A.knocked B.picked C.took D.pulled

16.A.lives B.works C.thinks D.plays

17.A.task B.lesson C.time D.day

18.A.But B.There C.So D.Besides

19.A.quite B.already C.even D.still

20.A.see B.answer C.learn D.gain

【试题举例】(2008年上海卷)

Directions：　For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

People think children should play sports. Sports are fun, and children keep healthy while playing with others. However, playing sports can have__50__effects on children. It may produce feelings of poor self?respect or aggressive behavior in some children. According to research on kids and sports, 40 000 000 kids play sports in the US. Of these, 18 000 000 say they have been__51__at or called names while playing sports. This leaves many children with a bad __52__of sports. They think sports are just too aggressive.

Many researchers believe adults, especially parents and coaches, are the main__53__of too much aggression in childrens sports. They believe children__54__aggressive adult behavior. This behavior is then further strengthened through both positive and negative feedback.Parents and coaches are powerful teachers because children usually look up to them. Often these adults behave aggressively themselves, sending children the message that__55__is everything.Many parents go to childrens sporting events and shout__56__at other players or cheer when their child behaves__57__. As well, children are even taught that hurting other players is__58__or are pushed to continue playing even when they are injured.__59__， the media makes violence seem exciting. Children watch adult sports games and see violent behavior replayed over and over on television.

As a society, we really need to__60__this problem and do something about it. Parents and coaches__61__should act as better examples for children. They also need to teach children better__62__. They should not just cheer when children win or act aggressively. They should teach children to__63__themselves whether they win or not. Besides, children should not be allowed to continue to play when they are injured. If adults allow children to play when injured，this gives the message that__64__is not as important as winning.

50. A. restrictive B. negative C.active D. instructive

51. A. knocked B. glanced C.smiled D. shouted

52. A. impression B. concept C.taste D. expectation

53. A. resource B. cause C.course D. consequence

54. A. question B. understand C.copy D. neglect

55. A. winning B. practising C.fun D. sport

56. A. praises B. orders C.remarks D. insults

57. A. proudly B. ambitiously C.aggressively D. bravely

58. A. acceptable B. impolite C.possible D. accessible

59. A. By contrast B. In addition C.As a result D. After all

60. A. look up to B. face up to C.make up for D. come up with

61. A. in particular B. in all C.in return D. in advance

62. A. techniques B. means C.values D. directions

63. A. respect B. relax C.forgive D. enjoy

64. A. body B. fame C. health D. spirit

【文章大意】成年人的影响让孩子们的体育运动失去了应有的意义，他们互相谩骂，甚至为了胜利不择手段。解铃还须系铃人，成年人要以身作则，为孩子树立好的榜样。

50.【答案】 B

【解析】根据本句中的However可知表示的是意思的转折，由此可判断B项正确。

51. 【答案】D

【解析】本句中的called names表示谩骂可知D项正确。其余三项都与之不符。

52. 【答案】A

【解析】上一句提到很多孩子在进行体育运动时经常被训斥甚至挨骂，由此可知他们对体育运动的印象不好。后三项分别表示概念品位期望，都不符合所给语境。

53. 【答案】B

【解析】很多研究人员认为成年人，尤其是父母和教练，是儿童运动中存在大量侵略行为的主要根源。A项表示资源；C项表示过程；D项表示结果。

54. 【答案】C

【解析】上一句提到孩子的行为是受大人的影响，由此可知他们是在模仿有侵略性的成年人的行为。其余选项都与上文不符。

55. 【答案】A

【解析】根据上文中的内容可知成年人在向孩子传递获胜就是一切的信息。成年人之所以采用侵略性行为，目的就是为了获得胜利，由此可排除其余选项。

56. 【答案】D

【解析】上文提到的是成年人的侵略性行为，由此可知他们侮辱其他孩子。B项表示命令，不符合常识；C项表示评价，与上文不符。

57. 【答案】C

【解析】上文提到的是成年人在用自己的行为影响孩子，由此可判断此项正确。其余三项都是肯定意义，可排除。

58. 【答案】A

【解析】孩子甚至被教导伤害其他运动员是可以接受的。C项是可能的，因此不恰当；D项表示可以进入的；能够接近的，语意均不恰当。

59. 【答案】B

【解析】上文叙述的是成年人对孩子的不良影响，此处叙述的是媒体火上加油，由此可知表示递进关系。其余三项都与上文不符。

60. 【答案】B

【解析】根据上文可知作者对上述行为表示反对，所以要面对这个问题并采取措施。A项表示尊敬；C项表示弥补；D项表示想出，都不符合所给语境。

61. 【答案】A

【解析】上文叙述的是父母和教练的过错，所以他们尤其要为孩子树立良好的榜样。后三项分别表示总计作为回报提前。

62. 【答案】C

【解析】上文提到他们在用自身的侵略行为影响孩子，而此处是奉劝他们加以改正，由此可知是教育孩子要有好的价值观。其余三项都与上文不吻合。

63. 【答案】D

【解析】孩子们进行体育活动的目的只是为了高兴。前三项都不符合常识。

64. 【答案】C

【解析】孩子们进行体育活动的主要目的是为了增进健康，如果成年人让孩子在受伤的情况下继续比赛，他们会认为健康没有赢得比赛重要。

附2　2009年与2008年考纲差异

【导读】2009年考试大纲与2008年相比内容基本一致，只是语法项目表部分增加了词类：名词、形容词、副词、动词、代词、冠词、数词、介词、连词、感叹词项目。

第三章　知识大盘点

一、英语常用句型

1.否定句型

1)一般否定句

I dont know this. No news is good news.

There is no person (smoking)/ not a person/ not any person (smoking) in the house.

2)特指否定

She went to his office, not to see him.

I am sorry for not coming on time.

I dont think/ believe/ suppose/ feel/ imagine you are right.

3)部分否定

All is not gold that glitters.

I dont know all of them.

I cant see everybody/everything.

Both of them are not right.

4)全体否定

None of my friends smoke.

I can see nothing/nobody.

Neither of them is right.

Nothing can be so simple as this.

5)延续否定

You didnt see him, neither/nor did I.

You dont know, I dont know either.

He doesnt know English, let alone/ to say nothing of/ not to speak of (更不用说)French.

6)半否定句

We seldom/ hardly/ scarcely/ barely hear such fine singing.

I know little English. I saw few people.

7)双重否定

You cant make something out of nothing.

Whats done cannot be undone.

There is no sweet without sweat.

No gain without pains.

I cant help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.

8)排除否定

Everyone is ready except you.

He did nothing but play.

But for your help, I couldnt have done it.

9)加强否定

Whatever you say, I wont do it at all.

I cant see it any more, though I have looked for it everywhere.

He is now a man. He is no longer a boy.

2.判断句型

1)一般判断句

It is important for us to learn English.

It is kind of you to help me. Sincere means honest.

The boy is called/ named Tom.

We regarded/consider it as an honor.

2)强调判断

It is English that we should learn.

It is he who helped me a lot.

3)弱式判断

Your sentence doesnt sound/ look/ appear/ feel right.

You look/ seem as if/ as though you had been there before.

Maybe/ Perhaps she is ill.

It is possible that he hasnt grasped what you have said.

4)注释判断

He can remember so many English words, that is (to say) he is a living dictionary(活字典).

5)正反判断

That sounds all right, but in fact it is on the contrary/ it is not.

6)比较判断

It is more a picture than a poem.

He or you are wrong.

Either he is right or I am.

3.祝愿祈使句式

1)一般句式

Study hard and keep fit.

2)强调句式

Do tell me. Its no need to keep it a secret.

Never tell a lie. You should be an honest boy.

3)委婉祈使句

Please tell me the truth.

Would/Will/Wont do me a favor?

Would/Do you mind my smoking?

What/How about going on foot?

4) 建议祈使句

Let us go. Let us know the time.

Lets not waste the time.

Youd better start early.

Shall we listen to some music?

Why dont you get something to drink?

Suppose/ Supposing you pick me up at about six?

I suggest we (should) take the train instead of a bus.

5)祝愿句

Success to you!

Wish you a good journey.

May you have a happy marriage?

Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship!

4.数词句型

1)表数目

It is exactly ten oclock/ Its ten oclock sharp.

It is five miles away from here.

He is more than/over/ at least/not less than 20.

He is under/ at most/no more than 20.

2) 表年月日

He was born on April 22 1994/in 1994 on the morning of Oct.1.

3) 表年龄

He is 20 years old/ years of age.

He is at the age of 10.

He is in his teens/ twenties/ thirties/...

4) 表倍数

It is four times that of last years.

This is four times as big (again) as that one.

This is four times bigger than that one.

The income is double what it was.

The output of coal was 200% greater than in 1998.

5) 表计量

It is 10 meters long/ wide/ high. / 10 meters in length/ width/ height.

It costs me 100 yuan.

I spent 10 hours finishing it.

It took me 10 days to finish it.

It is worth 100 yuan.

5.关联指代句型

1) 两项关联

I have two books, one is Chinese; the other English.

I have five books, one is Chinese; the others English.

To say is one thing, but/ and to do is another.

On (the) one hand, I am your teacher, and on the other hand, I am also your friend.

Some like to play football, others are fond of basketball.

2) 先后顺序

First/ Firstly, I wish good health, second/secondly success in your study, third/ thirdly good luck in everything.

First stop, then look, finally cross.

At first/ In the beginning he works hard. Later/ Afterwards he is not so diligent.

3) 修饰限制

This is the same book as I lost yesterday.

This is the same book that I lost yesterday. (同一本书)

Dont trust such a man as over praise you.

He/ One/ Those/ They who should come failed to appear.

A man/ A person/ The one/ Anyone/ People who saw her liked her very much.

The day/ time/ moment will come when China is the strongest in the world.

4)两项连接

He can speak not only English but also French.

The book is both interesting and instructive.

It is neither cold nor hot.

Please either come in or go out.

The old worker has experience and knowledge as well.

5) 加和关系

Besides literature, we have grammar and writing.

Apart from oxygen, there are some other gases in the air.

In addition toif， there are many other conjunctions that can introduce conditional clauses.

I must go now, incidentally, if you want that book.

You seem to like tea, so do I.

6.比较句型

1) 等比句

He is as tall as I.

He is the same height as I.

She is no less diligent than he.

The lab is no better than a cottage.

2)差比句

I speak English worse than he does.

He is not so/as tall as I am.

3)极比句

He is the tallest of all in the class.

None/No one is so blind as those that wont see.

Nothing is so easy as this.

I cant agree more.

I have never spent a better night.

4) 比例句

The more a man knows, the more he feels his ignorance(无知).

5)择比句

He is taller than any other boy in the class.

It is better late than never.

They would die than live as slaves.

He prefers doing to talking.

He prefers to do rather than to talk.

He prefers mathematics to English.

Id rather stay here.

6)对比句

You think me idle, but on the contrary, I am busy.

They are working hard while you are wasting your time.

7.比喻句型

She is as cute as a newborn kitten.

You are my star in the night.

8.条件假设句

1)一般事实

If we succeed, what will the people say?

Suppose it rains, what shall we do?

Persevere(坚持)and youll succeed.

2) 虚拟条件句

If I were a teacher, I wouldnt scold my pupils like that.

If you had seen it, you would have been moved.

3) 反条件句

Unless you try, youll never succeed.

Dont move, or/ else/ otherwise Ill shoot.

4) 唯一条件句

If only I have another chance, I shall do better.

Only in this way can we learn English well.

So/ As long as we dont lose heart, well succeed.

5) 推论条件句

Since that is so, there is no more to say.

Now that you are a grownup, you must stop this behavior.

9.时间句型

1)一般时

When I see him, Ill tell him.

2)表同时

Youll grow wiser a

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