1. 000139 文科段子：艺术类音乐

It may seem strange that were discussing music from a Broadway production in this class, The Lion King especially, since its based on a popular Hollywood movie. I mean music preformed for Broadway theater in the heart of New York city surely would seem to be in the western tradition of popular music and not have much in common with the music we have been studying in this course, such as gamelan music of Indonesia, or Zulu chants of South Africa, music that developed outside the western tradition of Europe and America. But in fact, musicians have a long-standing tradition of borrowing front one anothers cultures. And this productions director intentionally included both western and non-western music. That way, some of the rhythms, instrument, and harmonies typical of non-western music contrast with and complement popular music more familiar to audiences in North America and Europe, music like rock, jazz or Broadway style show tunes. So I want to spend the rest of this class and most of the next one on the music from the show The Lion King as a way of summarizing some of the technical distinctions between typical western music and the non-western music that weve been studying. Now the African influence on the music is clear. The story takes place in Africa. So the director got a South African composer to write songs with a distinctly African sound. And the songs even include words from African languages. But well get back to the African influence later. First lets turn to the music that was written for the shadow puppet scenes in The Lion King, music based on the Indonesian music used in the shadow puppet theater of that region.

2. 000143 理科段子：天文学

In ancient times, many people believed the earth was a flat disc. Well over 2,000 years ago; the ancient Greek philosophers were able to put forward two good arguments proving that it was not. Direct observations of heavenly bodies were the basis of both these arguments. First, the Greeks knew that during eclipses of the moon the earth was between the sun and the moon, and they saw that during these eclipses, the earths shadow on the moon was always round, they realized that this could be true only if the earth was spherical, It the earth was a flat disc, then its shadow during eclipses would not be a prefect circle; it would be stretched out into a long ellipse. The second argument was based on what the Greeks saw during their travels. They noticed that the North Star, or Polaris, appeared lower in the sky when they traveled south, in the more northerly regions, the North Star appeared to them to be much higher in the sky. By the way, it was also from this difference in the apparent position of the North Star that the Greeks first calculated the approximate distance around the circumference of the earth, a figure recorded in ancient documents says 400.000 stadium, thats the plural of the world stadium. Today, its not known exactly what length one stadium represents, but lets say it was about 200 meters, the length of many athletic stadiums. This would make the Greeks estimate about twice the figure accepted today, a very good estimate for those writing so long before even the first telescope was invented.

3. 991044 文科段子：文学名著

Continuing our survey of the 19th century, lets take a look now at Harriet Beecher Stowe. Now Stowe is best known for her novel Uncle Toms Cabin, a book that details the harshness of plantation life in the south. The book was extremely popular in the United States as well as in other countries. Ironically though, for all the attention given to Uncle Toms Cabin, its far from Stowes best work. She did write one other novel about life in the south, but much of her best work has nothing with the south at all. In fact, Stowes best writing is about village life in the New Englands states in the 19th century. In recording to the customs of the villages she wrote about, Stowe claimed that her purpose was to reflect the images as realistically as possible. She usually succeeded, for her settings were often described accurately and in detail. In this sense, she was an important forerunner to the realistic movement that became popular later in the 19th century. She was one of the first writers to use local dialect for her characters when they spoke. And she did this for 30 years before Mark Twain popularized the use of local dialect. It makes sense that Stowe would write about New England life, since she was born in Connecticut. As a young woman there, she worked as a teacher. The teaching job helped lead to her first published work, a geography book for children. Later when she was married, her writing helped her support her family financially. Throughout her life, she wrote poems, travel books, biographical sketches and childrens books, as well as novels for adults

4. 991040 生活段子：噪音影响

Im grad to see so many of you here. Weve become really alarmed over the health center by the number of students we are seeing, who are experiencing hearing loss. First, I want to go over some basic about hearing. Then we can take a look at our school environment and see if we can figure out some ways to protect hearing. The leading cause of preventable hearing loss is excessive noise. Too much moderate noise for a long time or some types of intense noise for even a short time can damage hearing. Loudness is measured in units called decibels. One decibel is the lowest sound that the average person can here. Sounds up to 80 decibels generally arent harmful. Thats noise like traffic on a busy street. But anything louder than 80 decibels, especially with continuous exposure, may eventually hurt your hearing. Once you are up to around 140 decibels, thats like a jet plane taking off, then you might even feel pain in your ears. And pains are sure sign that your hearings at risk. Even one exposure to a really loud noise at close range can cause hearing loss. So what you need to do is limit your exposure to harmful levels. If you pass along this handout, we can take a look at the decibel level of some common campus sounds. Notice how loud those horns are that people take to football games. They are really dangerous if blown right behind you. Now, lets try to generate a list of damaging noises.

5. 990839 文科段子：电影艺术

To get us started this semester I am going to spend the first two classes giving you background lectures about some basic cinematic concepts. Once you are a little more familiar with basic film terminology, we will be ready to look at the history of movies in the United States. Youll be expected to attend showing of films on Tuesday evenings at 7 oclock in Jennings Auditorium. Thats our lab. Then during our Wednesday seminar, well discuss in depth the movie we saw the night before. We are not covering silent films in this course. We will begin with the first talking motion picture, The Jazz Singer, released in 1927. The next week, well be looking at The Gold Diggers of 1933, a piece that is very representative of the escapist trend in films released during the depression. Some of the films we will be watching will probably be new to you, like Frank Capras Why We Fight. Others you might have already seen on TV like Rebel without A Cause starring James Deane, or Stanley Coopers Doctors Strange Love. However, I hope you see even familiar film with new eye. In the last three weeks of the course, we will be watching films from the 1980s and youll choose one of them as a subject for an extensive written critique. Well talk more about the requirements of the critique later in this semester.

6. 990848 文科段子：历史发展

Last time, we outlined how the Civil War finally got started. I want to talk today about the political management of the war on both sides: the north under Abraham Lincoln and the south under Jefferson Davis. An important task for both of these presidents was to justify for their citizens just why the war was necessary. In 1861, on July 4th, Lincoln gave his first major speech in which he presented the northern reasons for the war. It was, he said, to preserve democracy. Lincoln suggested that this war was a noble crusade that would determine the future of democracy through out the world. For him the issue was whether or not this government of the people, by the people could maintain its integrity, could it remain complete and survive its domestic foes. In other words, could a few discontented individuals and by that he meant those who led the southern rebellion, could they arbitrarily break up the government and put an end to free government on earth? The only way for the nation to survive was to crush the rebellion. At the time, he was hopeful that the war wouldnt last long and the slave owners would be put down forever, but he underestimated how difficult the war would be. It would be harder than any the Americans had thought before or since, largely because the north had to break the will of the southern people, not just by its army. But Lincoln rallied northerners to a deep commitment to the cause. They came to perceive the war as a kind of democratic crusade against southern society

7. 981042 文科段子：传媒变迁

Moving away from newspapers, lets now focus on magazines. Now the first magazine was a little periodical called the Review and it was started in London in 1704. It looked a lot like the newspapers of the time, but in terms of its contents it was much different. Newspapers were concerned mainly with news events but the Review focused on important domestic issues of the day, as well as the policies of the government. Now, in England at the time, people could still be thrown in jail for publishing articles that were critical of the king. And that is what happened to Daniel Defoe. He was the outspoken founder of the review. Defoe actually wrote the first issue of the Review from prison. You see, he had been arrested because of his writings that criticized the policies of the Church of England, which was headed by the king. After his release, Defoe continued to produce the Review and the magazine started to appear on a more frequent schedule, about three times a week. It didnt take long for other magazines to start popping up. In 1709, a magazine called the Tattler began publication. This new magazine contained a mixture of news, poetry, political analysis and philosophical essays.

8. 971035 理科段子：远程教育

Hi, Lynn. I saw you at registration yesterday. I sailed right through, but you were standing in a long line.

Yeah. I waited an hour to sign up for a distance-learning course.

Distance learning? Never heard of it.

Well, its new this semester. Its only open to psychology majors. But I bet itll catch on else where. Yesterday, over a hundred students signed up.

Well, what is it?

Its an experimental course. I registered for child psychology. All I have got to do is watch a twelve-week series of televised lessons. The department shows them seven different times a day and in seven different locations.

Dont you ever have to meet with professor?

Yeah. After each part of the series I have to talk to her and the other students on the phone, you know, about our ideas. Then well meet on campus three times for reviews and exams.

It sounds pretty non-traditional to me. But I guess it makes sense, considering how many students have jobs. It must really help with their schedules, not to mention how it will cut down on traffic.

You know, last year my department did a survey and they found out that 80 percent of all psychology majors were employed. Thats why they came up with the program.

Look, Ill be working three days a week next semester and it was either cut back on my classes or try this out.

The only thing is: doesnt it seem impersonal though? I mean, I miss having class discussions and hearing what other people think.

Well, I guess thats why phone contacts important. Any way, its an experiment.

Maybe Ill end up hating it.

Maybe. But Ill be curious to see how it works up.

9. 970539 生活段子：游览沼泽地公园

Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglade is a watery plain covered with saw grass thats the home to numerous species of plants and wild life. And one and half million acre is too big to see it all today. But this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Tailor Slue. This is a good place to start because its home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the everglade. Youll see many exotic birds and of course a world famous alligators. Dont worry. Theres a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there well head at some other marshy and even jungle-like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you whod like a close view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider running a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, dont do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We hate to have to come looking for you. You have a good fortune of being here in the winter, the best time of the year to visit. During the spring and summer the mosquitoes will just about to eat you alive. Right now, they are not so bothersome, but youll soon want to use an insect repellent.

10. 000147 理科段子：地理冒险

Good morning, class. Before we begin today, I would like to address an issue that one of you reminded me of after the last lecture. As you may recall, last time I mentioned that Robert E. Peary was the first person to reach the North Pole. What I neglected to mention was the controversy around Pearys pioneering accomplishment. In 1910, a committee of the national geographical society examined Commodore Pearys claim to have reached the North Pole on April 6th,1909 and found no reason to doubt him. This judgment was actually confirmed by a committee of the US congress in 1911. Nevertheless, Pearys claim was surrounded by controversy. Tins was largely due to the competing claim of Doctor Frederic Cook who told the world he had reached the Pole a four-year earlier. Over the decades Peary was given the benefit of the doubt, but critics persisted in raising questions about his navigation and the distances he claimed to have covered. So the Navigation Foundation spent an additional 12 months of exhaustive examination of documents relating to Pearys polar expedition. The documents supposed Pearys claims about the distances he covered. After also conducting an extensive computer analysis of photos taken by Peary at the pole, they concluded that Pierre and his companions did in fact reach the near vicinity of the North Pole on April 6th. 1909. OK, today were going to talk about exploration of the opposite end of the world, I assume you all read chapter 3 in our text and are now familiar with the names: Emerson and Scott.

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